India follows a federal system with a strong central bias, where powers are divided between the Union and the States. Although the Constitution does not use the word “federation”, it describes India as a “Union of States”, clearly indicating that the federal arrangement is indestructible and that states do not possess the right to secede. This framework evolved from the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 and was finally constitutionally entrenched in 1950.

For the effective functioning of this federal system, the Constitution provides a detailed mechanism governing Centre–State relations, which can be studied under three broad heads:

• Legislative Relations
• Administrative Relations
• Financial Relations

Nature of Indian Federalism

Indian federalism is cooperative rather than competitive, requiring continuous coordination between the Union and the States. While both are supreme in their respective spheres, the Constitution deliberately equips the Centre with certain overriding powers to maintain unity, integrity, and national interest.

Constitutional Classification

Aspect	Constitutional Articles
Legislative Relations	Articles 245–255
Administrative Relations	Articles 256–263
Financial Relations	Articles 268–293

👉 Detailed discussion of each aspect is provided in the sections below.

Administrative Relations

Legislative Relations

Financial Relations

Conclusion

Centre–State relations form the backbone of Indian federal governance. Their smooth functioning ensures national unity while respecting regional diversity. Any imbalance—either excessive centralisation or extreme autonomy—can disturb the federal equilibrium.