Constitutional Framework

Articles 245 to 255 of Part XI of the Constitution deal with legislative relations between the Union and the States. These provisions define who can legislate, on what subjects, and under what circumstances.

1. Territorial Extent of Legislation

• Parliament can make laws for the whole or any part of India, including extraterritorial legislation.
• State legislatures can make laws for their own territories, except where the doctrine of territorial nexus applies.

Special provisions exist for Scheduled Areas, Tribal Areas, and Union Territories, where parliamentary laws may be modified or restricted.

2. Distribution of Legislative Subjects

The Seventh Schedule divides subjects into:

• Union List – exclusive domain of Parliament
• State List – exclusive domain of States (with exceptions)
• Concurrent List – shared jurisdiction

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) shifted subjects like education and forests from the State List to the Concurrent List, strengthening central coordination.

🔹 Exam Tip: Always mention residuary powers vest with the Centre.

3. Parliamentary Legislation on State Subjects

Parliament can legislate on State List matters under five exceptional situations:

1. Resolution by the Rajya Sabha
2. National Emergency
3. Request by States
4. Implementation of international treaties
5. President’s Rule

These provisions reflect the flexible nature of Indian federalism.

4. Centre’s Control over State Legislation

• The Governor’s power to reserve bills for Presidential assent
• Prior Presidential sanction for certain State bills
• Financial emergency provisions

Conclusion

Legislative relations ensure unity of laws and national coherence, while still allowing States to address local needs. The system reflects a balanced constitutional design, not central dominance.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Discuss the evolution of Centre-State relations in India since independence. How have constitutional provisions and judicial interpretations influenced these relations? (MPPSC)

Discuss the key provisions that govern Centre–State relations in India and their role in maintaining federal harmony. (UPSC)

Analyse the constitutional framework for division of legislative powers between the Centre and States with special reference to the conflicting jurisdictions. (CGPSC/UPPSC)